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Article History

Received: 25 August 2022

Accepted: 19 June 2023

First Online: 14 July 2023

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The experiment was approved and granted by the Ethics Review Committee at the School of Journalism and Communication, Beijing Normal University. The authors confirm that all research was performed in accordance with relevant regulations applicable when human participants were involved.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants for participation in the study. In this experiment, all participants were above 18 and were requested to sign informed consent forms on the printed papers before the experiments and were paid for their participation. The informed consent forms were then collected and restored after signing in time from August 3rd to 6th, 2018 (pre-experiment), and September 9th to 16th, 2018 (formal experiment).