Bernardo, Allan B. I. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-3938-266X
Mante-Estacio, Ma. Joahna http://orcid.org/0000-0002-5394-1475
Article History
Received: 12 February 2023
Accepted: 21 June 2023
First Online: 10 July 2023
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing of interest.
: The study involved secondary analyses of the officially published PISA 2018 dataset; as such ethics review and approval and informed consent does not apply. This dataset was downloaded as a public use file from the OECD websiteFootnote removed.
: The study involved secondary analyses of the officially published PISA 2018 dataset; as such ethics review and approval and informed consent does not apply.