Document is current

Article History

Received: 24 December 2022

Accepted: 13 July 2023

First Online: 10 August 2023

Competing interests

: The first author was an employee of the East Japan Railway Company. JSPS KAKENHI and the East Japan Railway Company had no control over the interpretation, writing, or publication of this manuscript.

: Ethical approval was not required because this study used anonymised information.

: Informed consent was not required because this study used anonymised information.