Murray, Jennifer M. http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0622-8631
Sánchez-Franco, Sharon C. http://orcid.org/0000-0001-8078-3751
Sarmiento, Olga L.
Kimbrough, Erik O.
Tate, Christopher
Montgomery, Shannon C.
Kumar, Rajnish
Dunne, Laura
Ramalingam, Abhijit
Krupka, Erin L.
Montes, Felipe http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9923-4004
Zhou, Huiyu
Moore, Laurence
Bauld, Linda
Llorente, Blanca
Kee, Frank
Hunter, Ruth F.
Article History
Received: 18 November 2022
Accepted: 12 September 2023
First Online: 26 September 2023
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: The study was approved by the School of Medicine, Dentistry and Biomedical Sciences Ethics Committee at Queen’s University Belfast on September 21, 2018 (ref. 18:43) and by the Research Ethics Committee at the University of Los Andes on July 30, 2018 (ref. 937/2018). This study complies with all relevant ethical regulations. All study procedures were carried out in accordance with institutional guidelines for research involving human participants and with the Declaration of Helsinki.
: Written, informed consent was obtained for all participants. Prior to the baseline assessment, each school was provided with Teacher information sheets, Pupil information sheets, Parent/guardian information sheets, Pupil consent forms, and Parent/guardian opt-out forms. All pupils were required to complete written consent forms indicating whether they agreed or declined to participate. Parents/guardians who did not wish their child to take part were asked to return completed opt-out forms. The experimental protocol, and all data collection procedures, were carried out in accordance with institutional guidelines for research involving human participants and with the Declaration of Helsinki.