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Article History

Received: 27 March 2023

Accepted: 25 September 2023

First Online: 6 October 2023

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The experiment and data collection procedure for the study was approved by the Research Ethics Panel of East China Normal University in China. The authors’ team successfully passed the relevant ethics tests. Before conducting the experiment, we conducted verbal recruitment of participants and obtained informed consent from collaborating schools, teachers, and students. Sensitive data collected during the experiment is stored securely in the researchers’ personal database and kept strictly confidential. All data will be completely destroyed within three years after the research is concluded.

: Informed consent was obtained from all the participants and their teachers with the permission of the institute involved in the study.