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Authors
von Garrel, Jörg https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3617-1798
Mayer, Jana
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Article History
Received: 2 August 2023
Accepted: 23 October 2023
First Online: 9 November 2023
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. Since the authors’ university does not have its own ethics committee, the guideline for the ethics vote of the German Research Foundation (DFG—Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft) was followed. This guideline states that an ethics application must be submitted if at least one of the following points applies: (1) The study involves persons who require special protection (“vulnerable groups”), such as persons with limited capacity to consent. (2) The investigation and the material used in it are likely to trigger strong emotions, strong psychological stress or traumatic experiences in the participants (interviewees, informants, project staff, researchers and research subjects) that go beyond everyday experiences. (3) The research implies physical risks to participants or results in physical pain. (4) Potential participants should not be informed about the investigation. (5) Potential participants should not be informed about the potential risks of participation and measures to prevent harm. (6) Participation in the investigation implies deception (e.g., in laboratory experiments). (7) The study exposes participants (interviewees, informants, project collaborators, researchers, and research subjects) to special risks (such as social risks, risks of criminal or civil liability, financial losses, professional disadvantages or damage to reputation; risk due to the difficult security situation in the investigation area). Since none of these points apply, an ethics application is not necessary in this case.
: Informed consent was obtained from all participants and/or their legal guardians.
