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Article History

Received: 20 May 2023

Accepted: 8 December 2023

First Online: 2 January 2024

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The Ethics Committee of Beijing University of Technology, China, approved this study under B20221105W. This study was conducted according to the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and Guidelines.

: Informed implied consent was obtained from all participants involved in the study. In alignment with national regulations and institutional guidelines, this research did not necessitate written informed consent. Instead, participants were required to complete an online informed consent process. During this process, they were clearly informed about the following key aspects: (i) confidentiality, wherein personal information provided by the participants would remain confidential and would not be published or disclosed, and (ii) use of data, wherein the data collected from the participants would be exclusively used for academic research purposes and not for any commercial activities. To proceed with their participation in the study, participants had to explicitly acknowledge their understanding and agreement by clicking the “agree and continue” button. This action served as their consent to participate and allowed them to access and complete the questionnaires.