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Article History

Received: 30 July 2023

Accepted: 12 April 2024

First Online: 2 May 2024

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was conducted in accordance with the local ethical guidelines for research involving human participants and complied with the tenets of the Helsinki Declaration. The study has been ethically reviewed and approved by Chang’an University Institutional Review Board of the School of Foreign Studies. There was no number attached to the approval.

: Informed consent was gathered from all participating students. The students were informed of their right to withdraw from the investigation at any time. A consent mechanism was designed to ensure voluntary participation. The first window of the electronic questionnaire consisted of an information statement, “By entering the questionnaire, I have read the information provided and agree to participate.”