Zheng, Xiaodong
Zhou, Yanran
Article History
Received: 22 December 2023
Accepted: 14 May 2024
First Online: 25 May 2024
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: This study exclusively involved secondary analysis of de-identified data, with no human beings or animals participating in the research process. This study was performed based on publicly accessible data from the China Education Panel Survey (CEPS), conducted by the National Survey Research Center (NSRC) at Renmin University of China. The CEPS dataset has been thoroughly anonymized, ensuring that any association with the original subjects from whom the data was collected is impossible.
: Written informed consent has been obtained from all CEPS respondents by the National Survey Research Center (NSRC) at the Renmin University of China. The empirical analysis in this study relied on publicly available CEPS data, which contains no private information and is not individually identifiable. Therefore, informed consent was not required as our data analysis did not involve any human subjects.