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Article History

Received: 3 January 2024

Accepted: 14 May 2024

First Online: 23 May 2024

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study followed local ethical guidelines for research involving human participants and complied with the Helsinki Declaration. Ethical approval was obtained from the School of Journalism and Information Communication at Huazhong University of Science and Technology. Importantly, the research did not entail medical procedures or human experimentation. Furthermore, prior to data collection, the researchers informed respondents that all gathered information would be strictly confidential and anonymized for research purposes only, and that their participation was based on informed consent.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study. Respondents’ participation was completely consensual, anonymous, and voluntary.