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Article History

Received: 22 April 2023

Accepted: 10 June 2024

First Online: 14 June 2024

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The procedures used in this study adhered to the ethical standards set out in the Declaration of Helsinki. As the study was not medical research nor regarded human experimentation as stated in the Declaration of Helsinki, and the questions in the questionnaire did not have any adverse effect on the mental health status of the respondents, ethical approval was not required for this questionnaire-based study according to the regulations of the authors’ institution (Business School of Liaoning University). Furthermore, all respondents were at least 18 years old and consented to participate in the research study by completing the questionnaire. The information collected is strictly confidential, anonymous, and used for research purposes only.

: Informed consent was obtained from the respondents included in the study. Before participating in the questionnaire, respondents were presented with the informed consent form, which informed them of the purpose of the study, the confidentiality and anonymity of the information, the voluntary nature of their participation, and the right to withdraw from the study at any time. If respondents chose “I would like to take part in the study”, they were allowed to participate in subsequent questionnaires. Finally, all respondents agreed to participate in the study and consented to have their data processed.