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Article History

Received: 9 October 2023

Accepted: 24 June 2024

First Online: 4 July 2024

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Approval was obtained from the School of Civil Engineering of Harbin Institute of Technology in October, 2022. All experiments are completely anonymized and voluntary and no sensitive information is required.

: Informed consent was obtained from all individual participants included in the study before the experiments. This process was initiated by clearly communicating the study’s objectives, procedures, potential risks, and benefits to the participants. Each participant was informed that they had the right to withdraw from the study at any point without facing any repercussions. Consent was documented in writing, with participants signing consent forms. The consent forms and process were reviewed and approved by the School of Civil Engineering of Harbin Institute of Technology, ensuring adherence to ethics standards for informed consent.