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Article History

Received: 9 April 2024

Accepted: 24 July 2024

First Online: 4 August 2024

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The researchers requested ethical approval from the Ethics Committee for Research Involving Human Subjects at Universiti Putra Malaysia. Universiti Putra Malaysia granted ethical approval to the research (Ref No: JKEUPM-2023-382). Therefore, the research protocol and procedures of the current study were screened and approved by the Ethics Committee for Research Involving Human Subjects at Universiti Putra Malaysia. The approval from the Ethics Committee for Research Involving Human Subjects ensures that the study’s data collection methods and ethical considerations meet the essential standards for conducting research involving human participants.

: The informed written consent form was obtained from the participant before the data collection.