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Article History
Received: 2 January 2024
Accepted: 9 August 2024
First Online: 20 August 2024
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: As the international organization OECD has completed the ethical norm for all participating countries/economies in the 2018 Program for International Student Assessment (PISA), and the informed consent for all samples (students and principals) has been completed in each country, there is no any scruple for the ethical issue.
: Informed consent for all individual participants in the study has been officially completed by the international organization OECD.
