Article History
Received: 4 December 2022
Accepted: 9 August 2024
First Online: 24 August 2024
Competing interests
: The authors declare no competing interests.
: Ethics approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of the School of Journalism and Communication at Wuhan University (No. WHU20190807). The procedures employed in this study comply with the principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki.
: The recruitment of participants and data collection were conducted via the crowdsourcing platform Wenjuanxing during October and November 2019. Initially, participants were provided with detailed information regarding the study’s aim and procedures. Subsequently, after thoroughly reviewing the project information, participants were required to click a checkbox at the bottom of the webpage to confirm their informed consent to participate in the project by completing the forthcoming survey. Finally, participants clicked the ‘next step’ button to proceed to the actual survey questions.