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Article History

Received: 20 March 2024

Accepted: 2 September 2024

First Online: 19 September 2024

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: In Norway research ethics is regulated through the law of research ethics, which requires that medical and health research on humans have an ethical preapproval, while research within social sciences and humanities does not require such ethical preapprovals (see). As the current study is not medical or health research on humans, it was thus not required to have an ethical preapproval of the study. Instead, researchers and research institutions are responsible for compliance with ethical norms and guidelines, and the institutions are required to ensure that researchers follow these norms and guidelines but decide themselves how this requirement should be fulfilled. The data collected in this project were considered as “anonymous in the hands of researchers” since we have no possibility to link the code to individuals. Thus, these data were not categorized as “personal data” as defined in article 4 of GDPR.

: Participants were recruited through MTurk. They were informed that the survey collected data for research purposes, what the survey was about, and what they could earn from participating. Participants were asked to click a link if they wanted to participate.