Document is current

Article History

Received: 31 May 2024

Accepted: 2 September 2024

First Online: 9 September 2024

Competing interests

: The author declares no competing interests.

: All procedures performed in this study were in accordance with the ethical standards of the university. Ethical clearance and approval [Reference No. HR 288-2022] were granted by East China Normal University Committee on Human Research Protection (UCHRP) on 5th May, 2022.

: Verbal and signed consent to participate was sought from the primary school principal, primary school teacher, community educator, parent, grandparent, and grandchild participants in Changzhou, Jiangsu Province, China. For the primary school principal and teacher, informed consent was obtained at the beginning of each interview on July 15 and July 16, 2022; for the community educators, informed consent was obtained at the beginning of each interview between July 18 and July 19, 2022; for grandparents and parents, informed consent was obtained at the beginning of each interview between July 10 and July 30, 2022. Before each grandchild interview between July 16 and July 28, 2022, I recruited participants from those who verbally agreed to participate and whose parents/caregivers had signed the consent forms.