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Article History

Received: 6 December 2023

Accepted: 23 September 2024

First Online: 30 September 2024

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interest.

: All procedures in this study were in accordance with the institutional research and the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. As the study was not medical research nor regarded human experimentation as stated in the Declaration of Helsinki, and the questions in the questionnaire did not have any adverse effect on the mental health status of the respondents, ethical approval was not required for this questionnaire-based study according to the regulations of the authors’ University (Yunnan University of Finance and Economics). Furthermore, all respondents were over 18 years old and implied their consent by voluntarily completing the anonymous questionnaire. The information collected is strictly confidential, anonymous, and used for research purposes only.

: Formal written consent was not required due to the anonymous nature of the study. However, respondents implied their consent by voluntarily completing the questionnaire, with full knowledge that their data would be treated anonymously and confidentially. All sources used in this study have been considered and cited.