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Article History

Received: 11 December 2023

Accepted: 23 September 2024

First Online: 25 October 2024

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Ethics committee approval dated 10.03.2021 and numbered 20210310 was obtained from the Ethical Committee of Fujian Normal University. All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: The study was conducted on May 4, 2023, with informed consent obtained from all participants before they completed the formal questionnaire. They were apprised of the study’s objectives, the confidentiality of their responses, and that the data collected would be used solely for academic research. Furthermore, it was made clear that any personal information would be presented anonymously, and that they retained the right to withdraw from the study at any point. Participants clicked on the “Agree” button to complete the informed consent process.