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Article History

Received: 16 May 2024

Accepted: 30 September 2024

First Online: 22 October 2024

Ethical approval

: The questionnaire and methodology for this study were approved by the School of Journalism and Communication, Minjiang University, Committee on Ethical Research (Ref: MJUCER20240211). The procedures used in this study adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Informed consent for this study was obtained in writing through the Wenjuan Star platform prior to data collection. The consent process was initiated on 09/01/2023, and participants were required to review the details of the study and provide their agreement to participate by selecting the consent option provided within the online questionnaire. Participants in this research have been fully informed of the nature and purpose of the study. All data collected will be used solely for academic purposes, and participants’ anonymity is fully assured. Their responses will remain confidential, with no personally identifiable information being collected or stored. There are no anticipated risks associated with their participation, and they were informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any time without any consequences.

: The authors declare no competing interests.