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Article History

Received: 22 February 2024

Accepted: 14 October 2024

First Online: 21 October 2024

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The study was approved by the Ethics Committee of East China Normal University (No. HR2-0249-2021; Approval date: 21st, Dec., 2021).

: The aims of the current study were briefly introduced to all participants, and they were fully informed that their anonymity was assured, their data would be utilized only for research purposes, and the risk of participating was merely a “very small risk” (e.g., slight discomfort to some questions). After detailed description of this study, written informed consent was obtained from all participants before the start of this study. For either of the two waves, participants who completed the questionnaires received a payment of CNY 10.00 (approximately USD 1.38).