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Article History

Received: 5 June 2024

Accepted: 16 October 2024

First Online: 30 October 2024

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Universitat Oberta de Catalunya Ethics Committee under file CE24-PR05 on 22 February 2024. This approval included the following points: the researchers, the facilities, and the means are apt to carry out the study; the experimental protocol of the study guarantees the integrity and dignity of the subjects; and the researchers must adhere to the obligations derived from the Spanish Organic Law on Protection of Personal Data and Guarantee of Digital Rights (Law 3/2018) that comes from the European (EU) 2016/679 General Regulation of Data Protection. Data and participant security and confidentiality were also respected following the UNE EN ISO/IEC27001 standards. The procedures used in this study adhere to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants aged 14 to 18 and/or their legal guardians in case they were under 14 years old. According to Art. 7.1 of the Spanish Organic Law on the Protection of Personal Data and Guarantee of Digital Rights (Law 3/2018), only minors between 14 and 17 years old can give their own consent for the use of their personal data. The data recording company ODEC was responsible for obtaining written informed consent from all the participants between 24 April and 6 May 2024 before accessing the survey of the study. The consent included information about the object and purpose of the research, a guarantee of the anonymity of personal data, and an explanation about possible derived risks from participation. ODEC was also responsible for the processing of the collected data and the anonymization process.