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Article History

Received: 2 January 2024

Accepted: 24 October 2024

First Online: 6 November 2024

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All procedures performed in this research adheres to the ethical standards and guidelines outlined in the Helsinki Declaration of 1964 and its subsequent amendments. Referring to Measures for Ethical Review of Life Sciences and Medical Research Involving Human Beings of China (No. 2, Article 32: using anonymous information data for research), Graduate Committee and the Secretary of the Graduate office from School of Management Engineering and Business, Hebei University of Engineering confirmed the wavier. The exemption was confirmed on February 25, 2023, as the study does not involve human experimentation, does not cause harm to humans, and does not involve sensitive personal information or commercial interests.

: All the participants have been provided with an information sheet before the data collection concerning the purpose of the study, the confidentiality and anonymity of the information offered, the voluntary of their participation, and the right to withdraw from the study at any time. They read and decided if they would like to participate in the study and to publish their data. This information sheet works as the informed consent. The participants were all adults, not involving vulnerable groups and minors. The survey was conducted via Credamo (), a Chinese professional online research platform similar to MTurk or Prolific. The Credamo received $0.20 for each respondent who completed the survey. The survey lasted almost half a year, from June 2023 to Dec 2023.