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Article History

Received: 29 February 2024

Accepted: 28 October 2024

First Online: 7 November 2024

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The experimental protocol was approved by the Ethics and Deontology Committee of Research of the Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Coimbra, Portugal (approval number CEDI/FPCEUC:70/0PE, issued on 14 December 2022), where the project is hosted and coordinated. Collaboration with the Zhejiang Chinese Medicine University was performed via the Coimbra subsidiary of the Confucius Institute, and the ethical approval from the coordinating institution (Coimbra) covered research in both locations. A local ethical approval was applied for in Saudi Arabia at the Institutional Review Board of the Prince Sultan University (ethical approval number PSU IRB-2022-09-0117, issued on 1 October 2022). All ethical approvals were received before starting the data collection. This project does not involve collecting identifiable human biological material or data. We declare that the project was performed in accordance with the European Commission ethical guidelines for projects in Social Sciences and Humanities and Research Ethics in Ethnography/Anthropology (both versions from 5 July 2021).

: Written informed consent was given by all participants. Participants were informed that their information would be kept confidential and used solely for research purposes. All participants were asked if they were willing to participate voluntarily and were explicitly informed that they could withdraw their data prior to the data anonymization and that they could interrupt participation in the experiment at any moment without providing any reason for their interruption. All participants were volunteers and did not receive either monetary or academic (e.g., credits) benefits for their participation.