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Article History

Received: 27 April 2024

Accepted: 30 October 2024

First Online: 7 November 2024

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The procedures used in this study adhered to the ethical standards set out in the Declaration of Helsinki. As this study was not medical research nor considered human experimentation as stated in the Declaration of Helsinki, and because the questionnaire did not adversely affect the mental health of the respondents, ethical approval was required for this questionnaire-based study according to the regulations of the authors’ institution (the Academic Ethics Committee of the University of Shanghai for Science and Technology (decision of November 2022)). Moreover, by completing the questionnaire, each respondent who was at least 18 years old consented to participate in the research study. The information collected was used exclusively for the study and was treated as strictly confidential and anonymous.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in the study. The nature and objectives of the study, together with the participants ability to withdraw at any time, were explained to the participants. The informed consent process was conducted from November-December 2022 and February-March 2023, concurrently with the questionnaire distribution.