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Article History

Received: 3 May 2024

Accepted: 31 October 2024

First Online: 8 November 2024

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: Ethical approval was exempted by the institution of the first author. Name of the approval body: School of Government at East China University of Political Science and Law (ECUPSL). Confirmation: all research was performed in accordance with relevant guidelines at ECUPSL when human subjects are involved. Date of Exemption: October 15, 2020 to August 25, 2021, the period for data collection of this study. Reasons for exemption: The School of Government at East China University of Political Science and Law (ECUPSL) has relevant guidelines regarding ethical issues in conducting research, but have not established ethical committees so far. Thus, ethical approval was exempted by both the university and the school for data collection in this study. Supporting information: the School of Government at ECUPSL provided a certificate with official seal, confirming the exemption of ethical approval for this study.

: Informed consent was obtained orally from all individual participants included in this study when the interviews were conducted on October 15 to 16, December 8 to 10, 2020, and on August 25, 2021. Participation in this study was voluntary for all respondents. For protection of the participants, all materials cited in the manuscript were anonymized.