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Article History

Received: 27 May 2024

Accepted: 29 October 2024

First Online: 11 November 2024

Competing interests

: The author declares no competing interests.

: The study was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the School of Foreign Studies, Guangzhou University (Approval granted in July 2023, no approval number was issued). All procedures performed in studies involving human participants adhered to the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and complied with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards.

: Participation in this study was voluntary. Written informed consent was obtained from all participants before their inclusion in the study. The procedure did not cause any physical, emotional, or psychological harm and involved no privacy risks or major ethical concerns. Participants were informed about the study’s purpose, procedures, and their right to withdraw at any time, without penalty. Participants were notified in advance of the procedures and were free to withdraw at any phase of the study without any repercussions.