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Article History

Received: 23 February 2024

Accepted: 5 November 2024

First Online: 12 November 2024

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This research received ethical approval from the Sultan Qaboos University Institutional Review Board and the Research Ethics Committee of the Ministry of Education in Oman (Approval Number: 2822402274) on July 4, 2022. The approval encompasses all data collection procedures involving human participants as outlined in the study’s methodology. All research activities were conducted in strict compliance with relevant institutional and national ethical guidelines, adhering to the principles established by the Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments. These guidelines ensure that the study upholds the highest ethical standards applicable to research involving human subjects.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participating preservice teachers before the study commenced. This consent covered participation, data collection, and the publication of research findings. The consent process, conducted by the first author from September 4 to December 29, 2022, included detailed explanations regarding the study’s purpose, data use, and confidentiality measures, with assurances of anonymity for all participants. In cases involving minors, consent was also secured from legal guardians to ensure full compliance with ethical guidelines.