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Article History

Received: 11 July 2024

Accepted: 14 November 2024

First Online: 22 November 2024

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All study participants provided informed consent, and the study design was approved by the Ethics Committee of Ahmadu Bello University, Education Complex, which approved the study with ethics approval reference ABU-EDU-2023-1655. The approval date was January 31, 2023. The scope of the approval covers anonymous processing of the pre-service teachers’ data only the research. To protect their privacy, we replaced institutional and participant names with pseudonyms. All research was conducted in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations applicable to studies involving human participants (Declaration of Helsinki).

: We obtained written informed consent from each of the pre-service teachers on the date they agreed to participate in this study. The scope of the consent includes participation, data use, and permission to publish results. All the participants were fully informed and assured of their anonymity in the research. They were informed of the purpose of the research and that their data would only be used for that purpose without any risks for their participation in the research. No vulnerable individuals were involved in the study.