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Article History

Received: 21 July 2024

Accepted: 13 November 2024

First Online: 27 November 2024

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki, and approved by the Ethics Committee of the Institute of Language Sciences of Shanghai International Studies University (No. 20230308005 on 8 March 2023).

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants involved in this study prior to the commencement of the perceptual judgement experiment. Participants, all of whom were undergraduate students from Shanghai International Studies University, were provided with detailed information regarding the study’s objectives, procedures, and their role in the research. Consent was obtained in written form between 14 and 15 March 2023 by the principal investigator. The scope of the consent included agreement to participate in the perceptual judgement experiment, the collection and use of their data for research purposes, and permission to publish the findings. Participants were informed that their data would remain confidential, and they were given the right to withdraw from the study at any time without any consequence. All participants voluntarily provided consent before engaging in the study.