Document is current

Article History

Received: 2 June 2023

Accepted: 13 November 2024

First Online: 5 December 2024

Competing interests

: The authors declare no conflict of interest. The funders had no role in the design of the study, in the collection, analyses, or interpretation of data, in the writing of the manuscript, or in the decision to publish the results.

: The research was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki and relevant national and institutional ethical guidelines. This study received ethical approval from the Ethics Committee in Faculty of Education, Beijing Normal University, under approval number BNU202205100026, ensuring that the research complies with ethical standards for human research. This study adhered to the guidelines set forth by the National Science and Technology Ethics Committee of China.

: Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. All participants provided informed consent before taking part in the study. They were given detailed information about the purpose, procedures, risks, and benefits involved, and they voluntarily agreed to participate. All data collected from participants was anonymized, and personal information was securely stored to ensure confidentiality. Data will only be used for research purposes and will not be shared with third parties without consent.