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Article History

Received: 11 July 2024

Accepted: 28 November 2024

First Online: 1 February 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The process and procedures used in this study adhere to the ethical principles outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki. Ethical approval was obtained from the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at the Institute of China Innovation and Entrepreneurship Education, Hangzhou Normal University, Hangzhou, China. The ethical approval protocol number is 2021-01. This approval encompasses all aspects of the study, including data collection, analysis, participant recruitment, informed consent procedures, and confidentiality measures, as outlined in the approved protocol. The research was conducted strictly in line with the ethical framework approved by the IRB.

: The data collection process adhered strictly to ethical standards, with written informed consent obtained from all respondents at the beginning of each session, conducted by the research team starting on January 15, 2021. Participants received a consent form detailing the study’s purpose, their role, data use solely for research, and assurances of confidentiality. Consent covered participation, data use, and publication of anonymized results. All participants were informed that personal identifiers, including names, would be anonymized, ensuring their anonymity. As the study was non-interventional (survey-based), participants were informed of the research’s purpose, data use, and the lack of risks involved. The study sample included undergraduate students over 18, with no vulnerable populations; therefore, no parental or guardian consent was required. No payments or incentives were provided for participation. A copy of the consent form is available upon request.