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Article History

Received: 2 July 2024

Accepted: 5 November 2024

First Online: 18 December 2024

Competing interests

: The author declares no competing interests.

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional and/or national research committee and with the Helsinki Declaration. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Qilu Normal University (No.202308006).

: Consent for publication was obtained from all individual participants included in the study.

: Before the study began, all participants were provided with their informed consent, confirming their voluntary involvement and understanding of the study’s aims, goals, and how their data would be used. They received comprehensive details about the study’s nature and objectives, and their agreement to participate was given freely, without any pressure or improper influence.