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Article History

Received: 12 April 2024

Accepted: 6 December 2024

First Online: 18 December 2024

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was approved by the Medical Ethics Committee of Ningbo University for exemption from ethical review (Number: NBU-2023-267; Date: 6 November 2023). Since the questionnaire survey of this study conducted the survey anonymously and does not involve harm to individuals, sensitive personal information, or commercial interests, the Medical Ethics Committee of Ningbo University approved the exemption from ethical review for this study. The study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki.

: All participants signed the informed consent form before completing the questionnaire (between November 16 and December 16, 2023). They were informed about the research objective, research process and how their data would be used. For the offline survey, informed consent was provided in written format, while in the online survey, participants indicated their consent by selecting an option button. We assured the participants that their personal information would remain anonymous, and that the data would be used solely for research purposes, with no commercial use. After finishing the questionnaire, each participant received 5 RMB as compensation for their voluntary participation. Additionally, all participants were informed that they could discontinue their participation at any time without consequence.