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Article History

Received: 12 April 2024

Accepted: 13 December 2024

First Online: 5 February 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study did not involve medical research or experiments on humans. Data were collected through an online survey, with all information kept strictly confidential, anonymous, and used solely for research purposes. The study adhered to the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki and was approved by Institutional Review Board of Henan Provincial Key Laboratory of Psychology and Behavior under approval number 20220606002.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants during the survey period, which spanned from September 9, 2022, to September 25, 2022, using an online survey form. The participation was wholly voluntary, without any risks, and did not involve any form of compensation. Participants were informed about the overall objectives and aim of the study, the validation procedures of the study requirements, the confidentiality of information, voluntary participation, and the ability to opt out of the study if needed.