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Article History

Received: 13 March 2024

Accepted: 16 December 2024

First Online: 26 December 2024

Competing interests

: The authors declared no competing interests.

: The present study was approved by the Ethics Committee of Applied Psychology Program, Faculty of Education, Yunnan Normal University (approval number: 202203). The research was conducted in accordance with the ethical guidelines set forth by the ethics committee. The procedures conducted in this study adhered to the ethical standards set by the institutional and/or national research committee and conformed to the principles outlined in the Helsinki Declaration of 1964 and all subsequent revisions.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their participation in the study. All participants were clearly informed about the purpose and procedure of the study. Participants were fully informed that their anonymity would be guaranteed. Participants were formally informed that the collected data would be used exclusively for academic research. Participants were informed that the study would not cause any harm to the participants.