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Authors
Ma, Qingshan
Zhang, Yuanmeng
Hu, Feng
Zhou, Haiyan
Hu, Hao
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Article History
Received: 15 June 2024
Accepted: 16 December 2024
First Online: 7 January 2025
Competing interests
: The authors declare that they have no conflict of interest.
: The data used in this study come from CHARLS. CHARLS was approved by the Ethics Committee of Peking University (IRB00001052-11015). Ethical approval for this type of study is not required by our institute.
: In the data collection of the CHARLS (China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study) survey, all participants signed the informed consent at the time of participation.
