Updates are available Correction dated 2025-02-07

Article History

Received: 18 July 2023

Accepted: 16 December 2024

First Online: 24 December 2024

Change Date: 7 February 2025

Change Type: Correction

Change Details: A Correction to this paper has been published:

Change Details: https://doi.org/10.1057/s41599-025-04520-9

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board (IRB) of the School of Journalism and Communication at Renmin University of China (approval was granted in February 3rd, 2020; no approval number was issued). The approval confirms the procedures for informed consent, guidelines for adverse events, and requirements for data recording and security. The procedures used in this study adhere to the tenets of the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki and its later amendments.

: Written informed consent was obtained from participants on the date they agreed to participate in the study through the online survey platform. Consent was secured through a question that confirmed participants’ understanding of the study and their agreement to participate. The consent includes participation, data use, and consent to publish the results. The study did not recruit any vulnerable individuals or minors. Participants received no payment or other incentives. Data were anonymous throughout the collection and processing phases and were only utilized for research purposes. The study did not present any risk to participants due to its non-interventional nature.