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Article History

Received: 10 January 2024

Accepted: 17 December 2024

First Online: 20 March 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This is secondary data analysis, and ethical approval was not required. The empirical analysis in this study relied on the Chinese General Social Survey (CGSS) data (), which has already collected by the National Survey Research Center (NSRC) of Renmin University of China, and is available in public domain for research purpose. The secondary data used was de-identified data, and there is no way it could be linked back to the subjects from whom it was originally collected. Therefore, this article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors.

: The data used in this article is based on secondary data, which has already collected by the National Survey Research Center (NSRC) of Renmin University of China. The data that support the findings of this study are available in Renmin University of China by application from [cgss@ruc.edu.cn]. Therefore, this article does not contain any studies with human participants performed by any of the authors.