Document is current

Article History

Received: 13 February 2024

Accepted: 17 December 2024

First Online: 25 January 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The Ethical Review Committee of the Behavioral and Experimental Social Science Laboratory at Beijing Foreign Studies University approved the study (Reference No. 2022L004). The experiments were implemented following the relevant guidelines and regulations of the affiliated committee for studies with human participants.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants prior to their involvement. On April 3rd and 4th, 2022, we conducted 8 experiments in total. Before each experiment began, each participant was provided with a detailed informed consent form that outlined the study’s purpose, procedures, potential risks and benefits, and confidentiality measures. Participants were given time to read the information and ask questions, and a member of the research team was present to address any concerns. After confirming their understanding and willingness to participate, participants signed the consent form, agreeing to keep the experiment content confidential for 48 hours post-completion.