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Article History

Received: 4 March 2024

Accepted: 18 December 2024

First Online: 27 December 2024

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All procedures performed in this study adhered to the ethical standards outlined in the Declaration of Helsinki and its subsequent amendments. Ethical approval was granted on March 4, 2022, by the Ethics Review Committee of the Institute of Architectural Design and Theory at Zhejiang University. All research activities complied with applicable guidelines and regulations for studies involving human participants. The approved project was titled “Survey on the Usage Demands for Public Service Facilities Among Rural and Township Residents.” The review documents included the Ethics Review Application Form, Investigator’s Manual, and Study Protocol. The approval ID is 202203001.

: During the questionnaire survey conducted from July 7 to July 10, 2022, trained survey assistants distributed written informed consent forms to all respondents, which were signed by each participant on a voluntary basis. The study did not involve vulnerable groups or minors. Participants were assured that their anonymity and confidentiality would be strictly protected, and all data would be used solely for academic research purposes. All participants were fully informed about the research objectives, procedures, data usage, potential risks, and their rights. As a token of appreciation, participants received a small gift (e.g., toothpaste or soap) regardless of whether they completed the questionnaire. This gift was provided solely as a gesture of gratitude, not as an incentive, ensuring the voluntary nature of participation.