Article History
Received: 27 March 2024
Accepted: 19 December 2024
First Online: 2 January 2025
Competing interests
: The authors did not receive support from any organization for the submitted work. The authors declare they have no conflicts of interest.
: The submitted work is based on open-sources data. No ethical approval was obtained.
: The submitted work is based on open-sources data: China Education Panel Survey. Informed consent was obtained by China Education Panel Survey.