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Article History

Received: 12 July 2024

Accepted: 19 December 2024

First Online: 30 December 2024

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests related to this research, confirming that there are no financial or personal conflicts that could have influenced the results.

: The study received approval from the Research Ethics Committee of the School of Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University on November 1, 2021 (Approval ID: 20211007). Researchers followed international ethical standards, including the Nuremberg Code and the 1964 Declaration of Helsinki, ensuring the privacy and security of participant data. The research materials and procedures were independently reviewed and approved by the Associate Dean for Research of the affiliated school, confirming their alignment with these ethical principles.

: Prior to data collection in November 2021, written informed consent was obtained from all participants. The first author facilitated this process, providing employees with clear information about the study’s objectives, procedures, and their rights, including the voluntary nature of participation and the right to withdraw at any time. Consent was secured through signed forms that confirmed participants’ understanding and agreement. Participants were assured that their anonymity and confidentiality would be strictly protected, with no personally identifiable information collected. The consent covered participation in the study, use of collected data for research purposes, and permission to publish aggregated research findings. All data were de-identified during the collection and processing stages, used solely for research analysis. Importantly, this study involved no interventions and therefore posed no risk to participants.