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Article History

Received: 25 February 2024

Accepted: 20 December 2024

First Online: 31 January 2025

Competing interests

: The author declares no competing interests.

: The ethical approval for this study was obtained from the Human Research Ethics Committee at National Cheng Kung University (NCKU HREC), Taiwan, on October 6, 2020, under approval number NCKU HREC-E-109-227-2. All procedures followed the ethical guidelines required by the NCKU HREC to ensure the protection of participants’ rights and welfare. These guidelines include obtaining informed consent, maintaining participant confidentiality, and complying with all relevant institutional and regulatory standards. The scope of the approval covered the data collection and analysis of classroom activities and the questionnaire survey involving students.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants in November and December 2020. Participants were thoroughly informed about the study objectives, context, procedures, and any potential risks prior to providing their consent. Participation was entirely voluntary, and participants were explicitly informed of their right to withdraw from the study at any time without penalty. The informed consent also outlined that no personally identifiable information would be collected or shared in the questionnaire survey, ensuring anonymity and confidentiality. Participants were assured that the data collected would be used solely for academic purposes and that their responses would remain anonymous when presenting the research results.