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Article History

Received: 3 June 2024

Accepted: 20 December 2024

First Online: 8 February 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study uses publicly available third-party data from the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) 2022 and the 2018 Global Digital Economy Development Index Report. All data were used in compliance with the terms and conditions of the first author’s institution and do not require additional ethical approval. The study was conducted in accordance with the Declaration of Helsinki.

: No animal studies are presented in this manuscript. No human studies are presented in this manuscript. No potentially identifiable human images is presented in this study. Since this dataset is used for scientific purposes and only contains public information from Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM) 2022 and the 2018 Global Digital Economy Development Index Report, it meets all terms and conditions required from the first author’s institution.