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Article History

Received: 29 April 2024

Accepted: 20 December 2024

First Online: 28 December 2024

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This research was conducted according to the ethical standards outlined in the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and the Code of Conduct of the American Psychological Association. The study proposal, comprising aims, methodology, and respondents’ engagement strategies, went through a thorough review process and was approved by the ethics committee of Jiangsu University. Approval was granted in September 2023, with ethical approval number JU-ECMS-2023-007. The study approval verifies that the research design, participants’ recruitment approach, and data handling practices align with the ethical requirement for research involving human participants.

: Informed consent was obtained from all respondents before they were involved in the research. This involved communicating explicit information about the study’s objectives, methods, potential risks, and benefits. Respondents were also informed of their rights to withdraw from the study at any time without any form of repercussions. Informed consent was obtained by having the participants sign consent. Informed consent was obtained by the investigator (Qinqin Wu) and documented on the 5th of October, 2023, prior to the initiation of data collection on the 20^th of October, 2023. Informed consent included consent to participate in the study, use of data, and publish the findings. All participants were assured of their rights to confidentiality and that this information would only be used for research purposes. The Ethics Committee of Jiangsu University reviewed and approved the consent process, ensuring that it met ethical standards. Since the study did not involve vulnerable groups or minors, additional consent from legal guardians was not required. This study also did not involve monetary compensation or other rewards.