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Article History

Received: 4 May 2024

Accepted: 14 January 2025

First Online: 22 January 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: All procedures performed in studies involving human participants were in accordance with the ethical standards of the institutional research committee and with the 1964 Helsinki Declaration and its later amendments or comparable ethical standards. The ethics approval was obtained from the institutional review board (IRB) of Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research on Sep 12, 2021, with the following ID number: DLS202–405. The Institute of Geographic Sciences and Natural Resources Research Ethics Committee reviewed and approved the study protocol, involving research design and methods, recruitment approach for participants, data collection and privacy protection, and informed consent. All questionnaires were obtained by considering the informed consent of the participants, and all participants completed it voluntarily and anonymously.

: Informed consent was obtained from all participants in this study prior to their completion of the study. Within the scope of this study, written informed consent was obtained from all participants. Participants were given detailed written and verbal information about the purpose, scope, method and possible risks of the study. Participants signed consent forms indicating that they voluntarily participated in the study, agreed to use the collected data for scientific purposes and to publish the results anonymously. Informed consent was obtained and recorded by the researcher (Hu Yu), involving a total of 516 participants, of which 108 participants signed informed consents between October 21, 2021, and October 25, 2021, 285 participants signed informed consents between March 28, 2022, and April 10, 2022, and 123 participants signed informed consent forms between November 25 and December 5, 2022. Participants in this study do not involve special groups and vulnerable individuals such as children, patients, refugees. No payment was made to the participants for their participation in the study. All participants were assured in writing that the information they provided would be kept confidential, their personal data would be protected, and the results of the research would only be reported anonymously. Participants were informed that they had the right to withdraw from the study at any time and were assured that their data would be destroyed in this case.