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Article History

Received: 26 June 2024

Accepted: 14 January 2025

First Online: 21 January 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The authors of this manuscript declare that no formal ethical approval was obtained for this study because, according to Universidad de Cantabria’s ethical compliance guidelines for research and innovation projects, ethical review is not required for studies involving anonymized data. This research does not involve sensible and/or individual data regarding the human participants and does not involve the use of animals. The personal data in this paper are anonymous and/or presented in aggregate form in accordance with the recommendations of the Organic Law BOE-A-2021-8806 7/2021, of 26 May, on the Spanish General Data Protection Regulation (RGPD). In addition, the following relevant laws have been complied with:• Organic Law 3/2018, of 5 December, on the Protection of Personal Data and the guarantee of digital rights.• Organic Law 1/1996, of 15 January, on the Legal Protection of Minors.• Organic Law 8/2015, of 22 July, and Law 26/2015, of 28 July, both refer to the modification of the system for the protection of children and adolescents.The study adhered to these principles by ensuring all data were fully anonymized, participants’ confidentiality was protected, and their involvement was voluntary. Given the minimal risk posed by the study’s activities, ethical approval was unnecessary under these institutional guidelines.

: We affirm that informed consent was obtained from all parents and legal guardians of the participants. All participants were fully informed that their anonymity was assured, why the research was being conducted, how their data would be utilised and if there were any risks to their participation. Voluntary participation was ensured. Data privacy and confidentiality were maintained during each step of data collection, adhering to standard practices and protocols.