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Article History

Received: 11 January 2024

Accepted: 20 January 2025

First Online: 28 January 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: This study was performed in line with the principles of the Declaration of Helsinki. Approval was granted by the Ethics Committee of the Alibaba Business School at Hangzhou Normal University (Date January 13, 2023/No. 20230006).

: Informed consent was obtained in writing from all participants before the start of the experiment. They were informed about the research process and the intended use of their data. We assured participants that their personal information would remain confidential and that the data would solely be used for research purposes, not for commercial use. Upon completing the tasks, each participant received a small financial reward as compensation for their voluntary involvement, and we also randomly selected 10% of the participants to receive additional performance-based rewards. Participants were also informed that they could withdraw from the study at any time without facing any consequences.