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Article History

Received: 15 January 2024

Accepted: 17 January 2025

First Online: 28 April 2025

Competing interests

: The authors declare no competing interests.

: The study was approved by the ethics review team of the School of Psychology, Central China Normal University, on February 1, 2013, prior to the establishment of the University’s Ethic Committee Institutional Review Board. It is noted that the Central China Normal University, Ethic Committee、EC, Institutional Review Board, post-establishment, has reviewed and approved the prior review results of the study, on December 24, 2024. The procedures employed in this study comply with to the tenets of the Declaration of Helsinki.

: Written informed consent was obtained from all participants between February 1, 2013, and May 30, 2013. The participants were provided with a clear understanding of the study’s objectives, procedures, and their rights, including the voluntary nature of participation and the ability to withdraw at any stage. Consent was obtained through signed forms, indicating that the participants had understood and agreed to the study’s terms. The participants were assured that their anonymity and confidentiality would be strictly protected, and no personally identifiable information would be collected. The consent encompassed participation in the study, use of the collected data for research purposes, and permission to publish aggregated research findings. All data were de-identified during the collection and processing stages and were solely used for research analysis. It is important to note that this study did not involve any risk to the participants.